The repressions ceased and some privileges were restored after publication of And Quiet Flows the Don (1934) by Mikhail Sholokhov. The Cossacks who remained in Russia endured more than a decade of continual repression, e.g., the portioning of the lands of the Terek, Ural and Semirechye hosts, forced cultural assimilation and repression of the Russian Orthodox Church, deportation and, ultimately, the Soviet famine of 1932–33. In exile, they formed their own anticommunist organizations or joined other Russian émigré groups such as the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS). As the Soviets emerged victorious in the civil war, many Cossack veterans, fearing reprisals and the Bolsheviks’ de-Cossackization policies, fled abroad to countries in Central and Western Europe. As a result, the majority of Cossack soldiers were mobilized against the Red Army. 5.3 Fort Dix, New Jersey, United Statesĭuring the Russian Civil War (1917–1923), Cossack leaders and their governments generally sided with the White movement.
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